印尼語1990怎麼說

❶ 馬來西亞語言是什麼語種

馬來語。

馬來語，跟印尼語是同一種語言。是馬來西亞和汶萊的官方語言，也是新加坡的官方語言之一。有廣義和狹義兩種含義。廣義上的馬來語泛指屬於南島語系印度尼西亞語族的諸語言；狹義上的馬來語指一種使用於馬六甲海峽附近地區的語言。

在1945年以前，蘇門達臘島以外的很多地方也是使用馬來語。但是在印度尼西亞於該年從荷蘭手中宣布獨立以後，印度尼西亞所使用的馬來語則被改稱為印尼語。

名稱來源：

根據馬來西亞、印尼和汶萊共同達成的默契，馬來語是以廖內語--- 蘇門達臘廖內省的口音 --- 當作標准語的。這是因為長久以來，現屬印尼的廖內省一直被視為是馬來語的誕生地。

在馬來西亞，馬來語被稱之為「Bahasa Melayu 」或「Bahasa Malaysia 。「馬來西亞語言」是馬來西亞政府在1967年的《國語法案》中被使用的語匯。一直到1990年以前，「馬來西亞語言」是比較常被用來指涉馬來語的一個名稱。

❷ 求 雅加達英文介紹！

印尼首都雅加達城市介紹
印尼首都雅加達（Jakarta）位於爪哇島西北部，是全國政治、經濟、文化中心，人口900萬，是東南亞最大的城市。雅加達又稱「椰城」，在公元5世紀時這里只是一個小漁村，如今的雅加達已是一個國際化的大都市。
雅加達市區分老城區和新城區兩部分。北部的老區臨近海灣，風光獨特，古跡眾多，多數建築物都有典型的歐洲古典風格，如總統府（原荷蘭總督府）；此外還有早年華人聚居地——草埔等。南部的新區則充滿現代感，是雅加達的政治金融中心。雅加達繁榮的代表是位於商業中心的黃金三角地帶（Golden Triangle），此區段聚集了辦公大廈、豪華飯店及外國使館，穿著入時的男女與繁忙的交通，使人有一種人在紐約的感覺。
雅加達是印尼三大旅遊城市之一，市內綠樹成蔭，街道兩旁遍植常綠樹種，世界著名的波格爾植物園及茶園坐落在此，還有獨立廣場公園、印度尼西亞縮影公園、安佐爾夢幻公園、千島群島、中央博物館、伊斯蒂赫拉爾清真寺等名勝古跡。科塔（Kota）是17世紀荷蘭古城鎮八達維亞（Batavia）的中心，其四周是由鵝卵石鋪成的塔門法塔西拉廣場（Taman Fatahillah Square）。從科塔這座精緻古老的荷蘭建築往北走，就會來到古老的帆船碼頭(Sunda Kelapa),在這里會令人回憶起當年世界各國各種帆船群聚的時代。
雅加達最早為一港埠，稱作他加拉巴，意為椰子，華僑稱其為椰城。該港埠於14世紀歸屬巴查查拉王朝。1522年，萬丹王國征服該地，並建城。1527年6月22日，改名為查雅加爾達，意為凱旋城，簡稱為雅加達。1596年，荷蘭侵佔了印度尼西亞，1621年把雅加達該為荷蘭名字巴達維亞。
1942年8月8日，日軍侵佔印尼後恢復了雅加達的名稱。1945年8月17日，印度尼西亞共和國正式成立，首都定在雅加達。1950年1月20日印尼成立聯邦政府後，把雅加達該為巴達維亞，1950年3月31日改名為大雅加達市，1961年該為大雅加達特區至今。
雅加達建城日為6月22日，每年這一天都要舉行大型紀念活動。雅加達城徽為五角盾牌，盾牌里有一個藍色大門，中間立著白色民族紀念碑，碑的左側是金黃色麥穗，右側為綠葉白桃的棉花樹，下方兩條白色的海浪，象徵著港城和島國，上方有粉色的偉大字樣，代表著偉大首都的戰斗精神。
印尼是多民族國家，有100多個部族，雅加達居民以巽他族和爪哇族為主。當地居民除使用印尼語外，還說雅加達方言和爪哇語。
中國和印度尼西亞於1950年4月13日建立外交關系，1967年10月30日中斷，1990年8月18日外交關系恢復。
雅加達國民收入構成為：農業佔1.3% ,工業佔15.96% ，建築佔3.29% ,運輸、通訊佔9.38%,商業佔50.67% ,銀行業佔6.68% ,政府收費佔6.81% ,房租佔2.27% ,水電氣佔1.62% ,酬金佔2.02% 。年經濟增長率為7% -9% 。
雅加達有跨地區的大型企業27家，主要生產鋼材、建材、紙張、化工產品、紡織品等。雅加達市民日常生活消費品主要靠手工業和小型加工廠生產。全市有成衣加工廠1750個，木材加工廠1024個，亞麻製品廠2800個，皮革加工廠281個。
雅加達農作物主要是稻米和蔬菜，稻田面積1.6萬公頃，產量近6萬噸；蔬菜面積1萬余公頃，產量7.3萬噸。
雅加達主要出口成衣、橡膠、玻璃製品、藤條、三合板、椰油、大蝦、青蛙腿、茶葉、觀賞魚、咖啡、水果、水泥等，全年出口創外匯2.4億美元。
雅加達是商業城市，全市有大型副食商場4個，市級市場18個，超級市場21個，自由市場45個，鄉級市場27個。全市有各種合作社956個，成員22萬人，款額9.6萬億盾，儲備金額2.1萬億盾。
雅加達十分重視旅遊業，近幾年大興土木，建造旅館，改造旅遊設施，同時提高服務水平，增設新的活動項目，以吸引更多的遊客。年接待外國遊客80萬。
近幾年，雅加達交通事業發展較快，交通網已遍及城鄉。雅加達是海港城市，最大的港口是丹戎不碌人工港，沿海碼頭長8340米，其中集裝箱碼頭長400米，輸油碼頭長100米。港口水深5-11米。年吞吐量680萬噸。
印尼在爪哇和蘇門答臘有鐵路，全長8000公里。雅加達為一終點站，年客運量3000萬人次。
印尼鷹記航空有限公司總部設在雅加達，有各種飛機150架，年客運量900萬人次，貨運量4萬噸。
雅加達有三個大型機場：蘇加諾—哈達國際機場，為印尼最大的機場。哈林機場，位於雅加達市東南方，供國際航班飛機和國內日惹方向的班級起降。克瑪腰蘭機場，位於雅加達市東北方，主要供中小型飛機起降。
雅加達有自動撥號電話47.7萬部，可接通145個國家和地區，與國外49個城市直接通話。雅加達的飲用水源主要是地下水，市內建有大型蓄水罐，每年出售飲用水9284萬立方米，收費95億盾。
為緩解日益增長的人口壓力，印尼於1976年開始發展雅加達—茂物—唐克朗—伯卡西地區，作為雅加達的衛星城，以疏散雅加達的人口。
雅加達有高等學校41所（其中私立31所），中等專業學校68所（其中私立52所），中學1205所，小學3105所。著名大學有印尼大學，建於1950年，是全國性綜合大學；互助合作大學，建於1983年，下設6個系和3個學院；開放大學，建於1984年,類似函授大學，有學員7萬人。此外還有海運學院、航空學院和醫學院等。
雅加達市有10個大型博物館，如中央博物館，軍事博物館、紡織博物館、繪畫博物館、木偶博物館、名人博物館等。全市有156個電影院。
印尼廣播電台和電視台均設在雅加達，前者建於1949年9月11日，使用英、荷、法、阿拉伯、印地、華語等語言對外廣播，後者建於1962年。
印尼三大通訊社社址均設在雅加達。安塔拉國家通訊社協會，為官方通訊社，建於1937年12月13日，原名通訊社，在國內各地設有分社；印尼民族通訊社，為私人通訊社，建於1967年，原名印尼全國合作通訊社；武裝部隊新聞社，由印尼國防安全部主辦。
雅加達出版發行許多全國性報刊，此外，雅加達還出版許多關於語言、文學、歷史、科技等方面的刊物。
雅加達市現有各類醫院45所，全市有醫生2677人。雅加達有8個大型體育群體—瑟納揚體育場，雅加達地方政府體育場、賈亞拉亞?拉貢南體育場、大學生體育場、拉瓦芒翁體育場、拉瓦薩里體育場、繁榮體育場、巨舟水上體育中心。此外，雅加達還有專項體育館7個，游泳池5個，賽馬場1個，中年人運動場5個，青少年運動場2個，體育科研中心1個，運動員治療康復中心1個。雅加達較普及的體育項目是足球、羽毛球和網球，它們都有各自的協會。
印尼伊斯蘭教徒佔全國人口的88% ，其餘信奉基督教新教、天主教、佛教及印度教。雅加達居民主要信奉伊斯蘭教，基督教徒多為上層人士，佛教徒多為華人。
雅加達市有大小公園355個，佔地9521公頃。印尼縮影公園，園內建築體現了印尼各地及部族的特點，是全國各地文化、藝術精華的集合點，國內外遊客都喜歡到這里來參觀；伊斯邁爾?馬爾朱給公園，為雅加達藝術中心，是展示國內外藝術的場所，其豐富多採的娛樂項目和激動人心的海上運動每年吸引了上千萬遊人；雅加達動物園，動物種類齊全，園內設有動物研究所。
雅加達保留了許多具有歷史意義的建築，如總統居住、辦公的國家獨立宮，獨立宣言起草地—獨立宣言宮，以及青年誓詞樓、民族覺醒樓、前國會大樓、民族紀念碑、獨立碑、英雄墓地、梭羅王族墓等。

Indonesia capital the Jakarta city introced Indonesia capital Jakarta (Jakarta) is located northeast the Island of Java, is national politics, the economy, the cultural center, the population 9,000,000, is the Southeast Asia biggest city.Jakarta called 「Jakarta」, when A.D. 5 centuries here only is a small fishing village, the present Jakarta already is an internationalization metropolis. Jakarta differentiates the old city and the new city two parts.The north old liberated area approaching bay, the scenery is unique, the historical site is multitudinous, the most buildings all have the model European classical style, like presidential palace (original Dutch residency general); In addition also had long ago the Chinese people to live together - - grass Guangdong and so on.The south newly developed area fills the modern feeling, is Jakarta's politics financial center.Jakarta prospers representative is located the business center the gold triangle region (Golden Triangle), this sector gathered the office building, the luxurious hotel and the foreign embassy, is putting on the stylish men and women and the busy transportation, enable the human to have one kind of person in New York's feeling. Jakarta is Indonesian one of three big traveling cities, local the greenery create shades, both sides the street plants the evergreen tree to plant, the world famous wave Ghale botanical garden and the tea garden are situated in this, but also has the independent square park, the Indonesian miniature park, the peaceful Zoll illusion park, the Kurile Islands, the central museum, Iraqi Si Dihe scenic spot and historic resort and so on Rall mosque.Cota (Kota) is 17th century Holland ancient cities eight Davee the Asian (Batavia) center, it all around is west the pyller law tower which becomes by the cobblestone shop pulls the square (Taman Fatahillah Square).Constructs from cota this fine ancient Holland toward the north walks, can arrive the ancient sailing ship wharf (Sunda Kelapa), could make one in here recollect the same year various countries each kind of sailing ship cybotaxis time. Jakarta is most early a harbor terminal, is called as him to add Raba, Italy is the coconut tree, the overseas Chinese called it is the Jakarta.This harbor terminal in investigate looks up in 14 century ownerships pulls the dynasty.In 1522, ten thousand Dan kingdoms conquered this place, and constructed the city.On June 22, 1527, changed name for looks up elegant Jar to reach, Italy for triumphal returned the city, Jian Chengwei Jakarta.In 1596, Holland has invaded Indonesia, in 1621 a Jakarta should for Dutch name Batavia. On August 8, 1942, after the Japanese forces invaded Indonesia to restore Jakarta's name.On August 17, 1945, the Republic of Indonesia had been established officially, the capital decides in Jakarta.After on January 20, 1950 Indonesian Establishment Federal state, Jakarta should be Batavia, on March 31, 1950 changed name as Jakarta, in 1961 should for the Jakarta special zone until now. Jakarta constructs the city date for June 22, this day all must hold the large-scale commemorative activity every year.The Jakarta city emblem is five jiao shields, in the shield has a blue color front door, middle is setting up the white nationality monument, tablet left side is the golden yellow wheat ear, right flank for the green leaf Bai Tao cotton tree, underneath two white ocean waves, is symbolizing the port city and the island country, place above has the pink color great inscription, is representing the great capital fight spirit. Indonesia is the multinational country, some more than 100 clans and tribes, Jakarta inhabitant by Xun trigram he race and Javan race primarily.The local resident besides uses the Indonesian language, added the Jakarta dialect and the Javan language. Chinese and Indian Nixi was inferior on April 13, 1950 to establish the foreign relations, on October 30, 1967 interrupted, on August 18, 1990 foreign relations restoration. The Jakarta national income constitution is: The agriculture accounts for 1.3%, the instry accounts for 15.96%, the construction accounts for 3.29%, the transportation, the communication accounts for 9.38%, the trade accounts for 50.67%, the banking instry accounts for 6.68%, the government charge accounts for 6.81%, the house rent accounts for 2.27%, the water electricity accounts for 1.62%, the remuneration for services rendered accounts for 2.02%.The year economic growth rate is 7% -9%. Jakarta has trans-region's major instry 27, mainly proces the steel procts, the building materials, the paper, the chemical proct, the textile and so on.The Jakarta resident daily life consumable mainly depends on the handicraft instry and the small processing factory proction.The whole city has ready-made clothing processing factory 1750, lumber processing mill 1024, flax proction factory 2800, leather processing factory 281. If Jakarta farm crops owner paddy rice and vegetables, rice paddy area 16,000 hectares, output near 60,000 tons; Vegetables area 10,000 hectares, output 73,000 tons. Jakarta mainly exports the ready-made clothing, the rubber, the glass proct, the rattan, the glued wood, the coconut oil, the prawn, the frog leg, the tea, the ornamental fish, the coffee, the fruit, the cement and so on, whole year exports creates foreign exchange 240,000,000 US dollars. Jakarta is the commercial city, the whole city has large-scale nonstaple food market 4, city level market 18, supermarket 21, open market 45, township level market 27.The whole city has each kind of cooperative society 956, the member 220,000 people, the money sum 9,600,000,000,000 shields, the reserve amount 2,100,000,000,000 shields. Jakarta takes the tourism extremely, in recent years builds on a large scale, constructs the hotel, the transformation tourist facility, simultaneously raises the service level, additionally builds the new active project, attracts more tourists.The year receives the foreign tourist 800,000. In recent years, the Jakarta transportation enterprise develops quickly, the communications network has spread the city and countryside.Jakarta is the harbor city, the biggest harbor is Dan the Rung not mediocre artificial port, the coastal code head length 8340 meters, in which container code head length 400 meters, the oil transfer wharf length 100 meters.Harbor water depth 5-11 meter.Year volume of goods handled 6,800,000 tons. Indonesia has the railroad in Java and Sumatra, the span 8000 kilometers.Jakarta is a terminal, the year passenger transport rate 30,000,000 people. The Indonesian hawk records the aviation limited company headquarters to be located in Jakarta, has each kind of airplane 150, the year passenger transport rate 9,000,000 people, the transported goods volume 40,000 tons. Jakarta has three large-scale airports: Su the Ganoe - hada international airport, is the Indonesian biggest airport.The Harling airport, is located southeast Jakarta, annoys the direction for the international flight airplane and the domestic date the class and grade take off and landing.Gram Masurium Yaolan the airport, is located northeast Jakarta, mainly supplies the middle and small scale airplane take off and landing. Jakarta has automatic digit dialing telephone 477,000, may put through 145 countries and the area, with overseas 49 city direct telephone conversation.Jakarta drinks the water source mainly is the ground water, local constructs large-scale gathers the watering can, sells the tap water 92,840,000 cubic meters every year, collects fees 9,500,000,000 shields. In order to alleviate the population pressure which grows day by day, Indonesia started in 1976 to develop Jakarta - bugor - Tang Koruna - the primary Cassie area, took Jakarta's satellite town, dispersed Jakarta's population. Jakarta has college 41 (privately established 31), secondary technical or specialized school 68 (privately established 52), middle school 1205, elementary school 3105.The famous university has Indonesian University, constructed in 1950, was the nationwide comprehensive university; The cooperation cooperation university, constructed in 1983, got down supposes 6 departments and 3 institutes; The open university, constructed in 1984, the similar correspondence university, had the student 70,000 people.In addition also has the marine transportation institute, the aeronautical institute and the medical school and so on. Jakarta has 10 large-scale museums, like central museum, military museum, textile museum, drawing museum, puppet museum, celebrity museum and so on.The whole city has 156 movie theaters. Indonesia Broadcasting station and the television station are located in Jakarta, the former constructed at September 11, 1949, used language foreign broadcasts and so on the England, Holland, law, Arab, India, Chinese, the latter constructed in 1962. The Indonesian three big news agency addresses are located in Jakarta.Peaceful Tala Country News agency Association, is the official news agency, constructed in December 13, 1937, the old name news agency, was equipped with the branch in the domestic each place; Indonesian Nationality News agency, is the personal news agency, constructed in 1967, old name Indonesia Nation Cooperation News agency; The armed force news service, sponsors by Indonesian National defense Safety department. Jakarta publishes many nationwide publication, in addition, Jakarta also publishes many about aspect and so on language, literature, history, science and technology publications. Jakarta existing each kind of hospital 45, the whole city has doctor 2677 people.Jakarta has 8 large-scale sports community - Chinese zither to accept raises the stadium, the Jakarta Local authority stadium, Jia Yala the Asia? Pulls south the tribute the stadium, the university student stadium, pulls the tile awn old man stadium, pulls in Vassar the stadium, prospers the stadium, the great boat aquatic sport center.In addition, Jakarta also has special stadium 7, swimming pool 5, racetrack 1, middle-aged person athletic field 5, young people athletic field 2, sports scientific research center 1, the athlete treats recover center 1.The Jakarta popular sports project is the soccer, the badminton and the tennis, they all have respective association. The Indonesian Islam believer accounts for the national population 88%, other believe in the Christianity protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism and Hinism.The Jakarta inhabitants mainly believe in Islamism many, the Christian are the upper society people, the Buddhist many are the Chinese people. Jakarta has size park 355, the occupying a land area of 9521 hectares.The Indonesian miniature park, in the garden constructed has manifested Indonesian each place and clan's and tribe's characteristic, was each place culture, the artistic essence assembly point, the domestic and foreign tourists all liked here visiting; Iraqi Si Meyer? Horse Erzhu gives the park, for the Jakarta art center, is demonstrated domestic and foreign artistic the place, its varied and colorful entertainment project and the exciting movement overseas have attracted more than ten million tourists every year; The Jakarta zoo, the animal type is complete, in the garden is equipped with the Research Institute of Zoology. Jakarta retained many had the historical significance construction, like president lived, the work national independence palace, the Declaration of Independence drafted - the Declaration of Independence palace, as well as the youth oath building, the nationality awakened the building, the former Congress building, the national monument, set up a stone monument alone, the heroic tomb, the Surakarta royal family grave and so on.

❸ 印尼當地人口中的「cina」是否含有貶義如果是怎麼回應

在印尼和馬來語中，"cina"這個詞的演變並非如表面那麼簡單。它起源於梵語，唐朝時期經由印度傳入，原本是一個中性詞彙，象徵著對中國的尊重。然而，晚清時期，中國青年為了反抗異族統治，開始使用"支那"一詞作為自我認同，梁啟超、黃興等人為此作出了表率。然而，隨著歷史的流轉，特別是日本入侵中國後，"cina"逐漸被日本人用於貶低，成為蔑稱，這無疑給這個詞蒙上了一層污名。

在印尼語中，"cina"的貶義化並非始於17世紀的《馬來紀年》，而是與1930年事件後的印尼政府與中國關系的惡化有關。1967年，印尼政府有意地將中國稱為"cina"，加劇了這個詞的貶義。直至1990年兩國關系改善，印尼政府才開始使用更為中性的"Tiongkok"，華人則稱自己為"Tionghoa"。如今，盡管"cina"在印尼的使用已經減少，但仍承載著歷史的烙印。

然而，值得注意的是，"cina"這個詞在新加坡和馬來西亞的華人社群中並未遭受同樣的貶義。由於兩國沒有經歷印尼那段充滿偏見的時代，華人在這里通常被稱為"orang/kaum cina"，而中國人則為"orang china"。這表明，"cina"在這些地方並非歧視性稱呼，而是源自相同的根源，其含義取決於特定的語境和歷史背景。馬來西亞的華人並未因為身份證上不標識種族而被迫接受這一稱呼，而是它在日常交流中自然而然的存在。

對於那些試圖貶低這個詞的人，如把馬來西亞華人稱為"大馬支人"或"cina babi"，他們的觀點顯得有些偏頗。這種論調可能源自於對歷史誤解或情感上的反應。實際上，理解一個詞語的歷史和文化背景至關重要，而非僅憑個人情感判斷。

最後，要深入了解這一復雜的話題，參考印尼語專家、北京大學外國語學院孔遠志教授的《中國、中華乎、支那乎》無疑是個明智的選擇。那些僅憑皮毛知識便妄下定論的人，他們的觀點往往缺乏深度和公正性。"Tin kosong bunyi kuat"，正如這句話所言，真理不容忽視。