Ⅰ 誰有霍金的英文介紹
Biography:
Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England. His parents' house was in north London, but ring the second world war Oxford was considered a safer place to have babies. When he was eight, his family moved to St Albans, a town about 20 miles north of London. At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School, and then on to University College, Oxford, his father's old college. Stephen wanted to do Mathematics, although his father would have preferred medicine. Mathematics was not available at University College, so he did Physics instead. After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.
Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in Cosmology, there being no-one working in that area in Oxford at the time. His supervisor was Denis Sciama, although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge. After gaining his Ph.D. he became first a Research Fellow, and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. After leaving the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas, who had been the Member of Parliament for the University. It was first held by Isaac Barrow, and then in 1669 by Isaac Newton.
Stephen Hawking has worked on the basic laws which govern the universe. With Roger Penrose he showed that Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and an end in black holes. These results indicated it was necessary to unify General Relativity with Quantum Theory, the other great Scientific development of the first half of the 20th Century. One consequence of such a unification that he discovered was that black holes should not be completely black, but should emit radiation and eventually evaporate and disappear. Another conjecture is that the universe has no edge or boundary in imaginary time. This would imply that the way the universe began was completely determined by the laws of science.
His many publications include The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime with G F R Ellis, General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey, with W Israel, and 300 Years of Gravity, with W Israel. Stephen Hawking has three popular books published; his best seller A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays and most recently in 2001, The Universe in a Nutshell.
Professor Hawking has twelve honorary degrees, was awarded the CBE in 1982, and was made a Companion of Honour in 1989. He is the recipient of many awards, medals and prizes and is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences.
Stephen Hawking continues to combine family life (he has three children and one grandchild), and his research into theoretical physics together with an extensive programme of travel and public lectures.
生平簡介：
斯蒂芬·霍金教授是當代享有盛譽的偉人之一，被稱為在世的最偉大的科學家，當今的愛因斯坦。他在統一20世紀物理學的兩大基礎理論—愛因斯坦的相對論和普朗克的量子論方面走出了重要一步。1989年獲得英國爵士榮譽稱號。他是英國皇家學會學員和美國科學院外籍院士。
霍金教授1942年出生於英國牛津，這一天正好是伽利略的300年忌日。1963年，霍金教授被診斷患有肌肉萎縮症，即運動神經病。1965年獲得理論物 理學博士學位。1974年3月1日，霍金教授在《自然》上發表論文，闡述了自己的新發現—黑洞是有輻射的。在幾個星期內，全世界的物理學家都在討論他的研 究工作（霍金所指的輻射被稱為霍金輻射）。霍金的新發現，被認為是多年來理論物理學最重要的進展。該論文被稱為「物理學史上最深刻的論文之一」。1975 —1976年間，在其獲得6項大獎中有倫敦皇家天文學會的埃丁頓勛章、梵蒂岡教皇科學學會十一世勛章、霍普金斯獎、美國丹尼歐海涅曼獎、馬克斯韋獎和英國 皇家學會的休斯勛章。1978年他獲得物理界最有威望的大獎—阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦獎。1979年，被任命為著名的、曾一度為牛頓所任的劍橋大學盧卡遜數學 教授。1988年，霍金的驚世之著《時間簡史：從大爆炸到黑洞》（A Brief History of Time：from the Big Bang to Black Holes）發行。從研究黑洞出發，探索了宇宙的起源和歸宿，解答了人類有史以來一直探索的問題：時間有沒有開端，空間有沒有邊界。這是人類科學史上里程 碑式的佳作。該書被譯成40餘種文字，出版了1000餘萬冊。霍金教授的通俗演講在國際上也享有盛譽，他的足跡遍布世界各地。他試圖通過自己的書籍和通俗 演講，將自己的思想與整個世界交流。2000年初，霍金在美國白宮做了演講，這是世界之夜（Millenium Evenings）活動的一部分，柯林頓總統親切會見他並向他表示祝賀。2001年10月又一部力作《The Universe in a Nutshell》出版發行。該書是《時間簡史》的姐妹篇。在該書中，霍金揭示了自《時間簡史》發表以來，理論物理學的偉大突破。
1942-1-8：出生於英國牛津。
1963：被診斷出肌萎縮性側索硬化症。
1973：首部著作《空時的大型結構》出版。
1974：宣布發現黑洞輻射，成為英國皇家學會會員。
1979：《廣義相對論評述：紀念愛因斯坦百年誕辰》出版。
1985：失去語言能力，使用帶語音合成器的計算機。
1988：《時間簡史：從大爆炸到黑洞》獲沃爾夫基金獎。至今銷售2500萬冊。
1993：《黑洞與嬰兒宇宙及其它論文》出版。